Antimicrobial agents used in washing and cleaning products range from highly complex bacteriostats, such as triclocarban, to the relatively commonplace pine oil and chlorine bleaches. It may be used in soaps and detergents to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against both pathogens and non-pathogens (such as organisms causing body odor). Others include alkane sulfonate, alkyl ethoxylate sulfate, alkyl glyceryl sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, and alpha olefin sulfonate.ĪNTIMICROBIAL: Any substance or product that inhibits the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoa. Linear alkylate sulfonate is the most commonly used anionic surfactant. The surfactants most widely used in the detergent industry are anionic, and these are usually high sudsing. These surfactants are particularly effective at oily soil cleaning and clay soil suspension, but they need help from other ingredients to reduce the effects of water hardness ions. The negative charge, which the hydrophilic portion of anionic surfactants carries when in water, can be partially deactivated by interaction with the positively charged water hardness (calcium and magnesium) ions. The applications of amphoteric surfactants include shampoos and personal care products, where mildness is important industrial cleaners, because of their wide compatibility with builders, acids, and alkalis and to some extent, household detergents.ĪNIONIC SURFACTANT: A surfactant usually (but not always) derived from an aliphatic hydrocarbon and most commonly in the form of a sodium salt, in which detergency and other properties depend in part on the negatively charged anion of the molecule hence the name anionic. In alkaline solutions they are nonionic, and in acidic solutions, cationic.ĪMPHOTERIC (AMPHOLYTIC) SURFACTANT: A surfactant that, in water solution, may be either anionic or cationic, depending on the pH. They are well known foam stabilizers, widely used in light duty liquid detergents and to a lesser extent in heavy duty liquid cleaners. Thus a supplementary builder is required when they are used in detergent form to soften hardness due to magnesium and other ions.ĪMINE OXIDE: Surfactants in which the hydrophilic, or water-loving, component is the highly polar amine oxide group. They soften water by an ion exchange and are effective primarily on the calcium in hard water. Crystalline sodium aluminosilicates or zeolites are water soluble. It is now being used as a detergent builder. Because they are sensitive to water hardness, they perform best in all purpose detergents that are fully built to inactivate the hardness.ĪLUMINOSILICATE: An inorganic material belonging to the class of compounds called aluminosilicates. They have been an ingredient in built, all purpose granular detergents for many years today they are more often found in cosmetic products, such as shampoos. Alkyl sulfates are high sudsing surfactants. In 1965, detergent manufacturers voluntarily replaced ABS nationally in household laundry product with a more rapidly biodegradable variety of ABS called linear alkylate sulfonate, or LAS.ĪLKYL SULFATE: An anionic surfactant, usually a sodium salt, derived from fatty alcohol. Prior to the mid-1960s, the form of ABS most widely used in detergent formulations had branched hydrocarbon chains, which resisted biodegradation. They possess greater resistance to water hardness than many other surfactants, i.e., are less calcium sensitive, and are effective in removing oily soils from manmade fibers and hard surfaces.ĪLKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (ABS): A major class of alkyl aryl sulfonate surfactants used in detergents usually a sodium salt. Alcohol ethoxylates are relatively low sudsing. Higher molecular weight alcohols are used as raw materials for alcohol ethoxylates, one type of nonionic surfactant.ĪLCOHOL ETHOXYLATE: A nonionic surfactant created by adding ethylene oxide groups to a long chain (high molecular weight) alcohol. Isopropanol is used in liquid hard surface cleaners. These alcohols are used at low levels in liquid detergent formulations to control viscosity, to act as a solvent for other ingredients, and to provide resistance to low and freezing temperatures encountered in shipping, warehousing, and use. The alcohols used in light duty and liquid laundry detergents are isopropanol or ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ALCOHOL: A class of organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups.
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